References 

1. Astion ML, LeCrone CN, Cookson BT, Orkand AR, Curtis JD, Pagliaro L, Wener MH, McGonagle LA, Fine JS. Laboratory-Tutors: computer programs that teach the interpretation of image-based laboratory tests. Clinical Laboratory Science. 1996;9:44-47. 

2. Wood B, Mandel L, Schaad D, Curtis JD, Murray C, Broudy V, Gernsheimer T, Wener MH, LeCrone CN, Astion ML. Teaching the clinical interpretation of peripheral blood smears to a second-year medical school class using the PeripheralBlood-Tutor computer program. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1998;109:514-520. 

3. Mandel L, Schaad D, Cookson BT, Curtis JD, Orkand AR, DeWitt D, Wener MH, Astion ML. The evaluation of an interactive computer-based program to teach Gram stain interpretation. Academic Medicine. 1996;71:S100-S102. 

4. Phillips C, Henderson PJ, Mandel L, Kim S, Schaad D, Cooper M, Bien C, Orkand A, Wener MH, Fine JS, and Astion ML.  Teaching the microscopic examination of urine sediment to second year medical students using the Urinalysis-Tutor computer program. Clinical Chemistry. 1998;44:1692-1700.

5. University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine.  PeripheralBlood Tutor: An interactive computer program that teaches the interpretation of peripheral blood smears. 2001. http://www.medtraining.org/mts/peri.asp 

6. University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Urinalysis-Tutor: An interactive computer program that teaches the microscopic examination of urine sediment. 2001. http://www.medtraining.org/mts/urin.asp 

7. University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. GramStain-Tutor: An interactive computer program that teaches Gram stain interpretation. 2001. http://www.medtraining.org/mts/gram.asp 

8. Kumar, K. Conducting mini surveys in developing countries. 1990. Washington. U.S. Agency for International Development. PN-AAX-249.

9. Kumar, K. Conducting key informant interviews in developing countries. 1986. Washington. U.S. Agency for International Development. PN-AAX-226.

10. Cheesebrough, M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries, Part 1.  1998. Cambridgeshire. Tropical Health Technology.

11. Carter, JY. The development of appropriate laboratory services in eastern Africa. Med Tec International. 1992;2:13-15. 

12. Mallapaty, G. Laboratory services at the lower units of the primary healthcare system: necessity and feasibility at low cost. Med Tec International. 1992;2:8-13. 

13. Freire, P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. 1970. New York. Herder and Herder.

14. Wills, M. Managing the training process: Putting the basics into practice. 1993. London. McGraw-Hill.

15. World Health Organisation (WHO). 1998. World Health Report. Geneva. WHO.

16. Wolf, A. Competence-based assessment. 1995. Buckingham. Open University Press.

17. Astion ML, Kim S, Nelson A, Henderson PJ, Phillips C, Bien C, Mandel L, Orkand AR, Fine JS. A two-year study of microscopic urinalysis competency using the urinalysis-review computer program. Clinical Chemistry. 1999;45:757-770.  

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The Public Health Care Laboratory - 2001 � Gabriele Mallapaty